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報價與合約常見英文術語解析

看懂報價單與合約中的英文術語,避免商務溝通中的誤解與風險。

導言

報價單(Quotation)與合約(Contract)是商務往來中最容易因「看不懂英文術語」而產生誤會的文件。台灣企業常與海外供應商、客戶或代理商往來,一封 email 附上 PDF 報價,裡面出現 FOB、Net 30、Force Majeure 等詞彙,若沒有正確理解,可能在付款條件、交貨責任或違約風險上吃虧。許多同仁依賴翻譯軟體逐字翻譯,卻忽略了這些術語在商務上具有法律或行業慣例的固定意義,不能按字面隨意解讈。本文整理報價與合約中最常見的英文術語,搭配實際情境說明,幫助你在審閱文件、回覆 email 或與對方協商時,能精準掌握每一條條款的含義,保護公司利益並維持專業溝通。

報價單常見術語

報價單通常說明產品或服務的價格、數量、交期與交易條件。外國客戶習慣在報價中直接標示 Incoterms(國際貿易術語)、付款方式與有效期限。看懂這些詞,才能判斷「這個價格到底包不包含運費、保險、進口稅」。

價格與數量相關

Unit Price: USD 12.50 per piece

單價,需確認幣別、單位(per piece / per set / per kg)是否與你的採購或銷售習慣一致。

MOQ (Minimum Order Quantity): 1,000 units

最低訂購量。若你的需求低於 MOQ,供應商可能加收費用或拒絕接單。

Volume discount applies for orders above 5,000 units.

量大優惠,通常需主動詢問折扣幅度與計算方式。

Price is valid for 30 days from the date of quotation.

報價有效期限,過期後價格可能因原料或匯率調整而變動。

All prices are exclusive of VAT unless otherwise stated.

價格不含增值稅,歐洲客戶常見表述,需確認誰負擔稅務。

交貨與運輸條件(Incoterms 精選)

FOB (Free On Board) Kaohsiung

船上交貨(高雄港)。賣方負責將貨物運至港口並裝船,之後風險與費用轉由買方承擔。台灣出口商常見此條件。

CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) Los Angeles

賣方負擔運至洛杉磯港的運費與保險,但風險在裝船後轉移。需看清保險範圍是否足夠。

EXW (Ex Works) Factory in Taichung

工廠交貨。買方承擔幾乎所有運輸與出口手續,價格看似低,但隱藏成本可能很高。

DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) Customer warehouse in Germany

完稅後交貨至德國客戶倉庫。賣方負擔最多責任,包含進口稅與清關,報價通常較高。

Lead time: 6–8 weeks after receipt of purchase order

交期從收到正式訂單起算,需與客戶期望上市日對齊。

付款條件術語

付款條款直接影響公司現金流與信用風險。台灣內銷習慣「月結三十天」,國際交易則常見預付、信用狀或分期。

Payment terms: Net 30 days from invoice date

發票日起三十天內付款,無折扣。這是 B2B 最常見條款之一。

2/10 Net 30

若十天內付款可享 2% 折扣,否則三十天內付全額。買方可評估是否提前付款划算。

50% deposit upon order confirmation, balance before shipment

下單確認付五成訂金,出貨前付尾款。對賣方較有保障。

Payment by irrevocable Letter of Credit at sight

不可撤銷即期信用狀,大型或首次交易常見,需與銀行配合。

Late payment interest: 1.5% per month on overdue amounts

逾期按月計息,簽約前應確認公司能否接受。

合約條款常見術語

正式合約(Agreement / Contract)會涵蓋雙方權利義務、保密、智慧財產、終止與爭議解決。以下術語在台商與外商合約中反覆出現。

義務與保證

The Supplier warrants that all goods shall conform to the specifications in Exhibit A.

供應商保證產品符合附件規格,不符時可能構成違約。

Buyer shall inspect goods within 7 business days of delivery and notify Seller of any defects.

買方須在收貨後七天內檢驗並通知瑕疵,逾期可能喪失主張權利。

Time is of the essence.

時間為本合約要素,延遲交貨可能直接構成重大違約,不可輕忽。

責任限制與不可抗力

Limitation of liability: neither party shall be liable for indirect or consequential damages.

責任限制條款,通常排除間接損失(如停產損失、利潤損失),需法務審閱。

Force Majeure: neither party shall be liable for failure to perform due to events beyond reasonable control, including natural disasters, war, or government actions.

不可抗力:因不可控事件無法履約時,可免除或暫停責任,但多數合約要求「及時通知」與「盡力減損」。

Indemnification: Supplier shall indemnify Buyer against third-party claims arising from product defects.

賠償條款:若產品瑕疵導致第三方求償,供應商需負擔賠償,對製造業尤其重要。

保密與智慧財產

Confidential Information shall not be disclosed to any third party without prior written consent.

未經書面同意不得向第三方揭露機密,NDA 核心條文。

All intellectual property developed under this agreement shall remain the property of the Client.

依合約開發的智慧財產歸客戶所有,接案或代工時務必看清。

Non-compete / Non-solicitation for 12 months after termination

終止後十二個月內不得競業或挖角,對離職員工或合作方均可能適用。

終止與爭議

Either party may terminate this agreement with 30 days' written notice.

任一方可提前三十天書面通知終止,需確認是否有違約金或未完成訂單如何處理。

Governing law: laws of the State of California; disputes resolved by arbitration in Singapore.

適用加州法律、新加坡仲裁,跨國合約常見,涉及訴訟成本與執行難度。

常見錯誤

  • 把 FOB 當成「含運費到門」:FOB 只到裝船,之後海運、保險、進口往往由買方負擔。
  • 忽略 "subject to" 或 "pending approval":報價若寫 "Subject to management approval",表示尚未最終確認。
  • 未確認幣別與匯率風險:USD 報價在台幣收款時需有匯率政策。
  • 以為 Net 30 從「收貨日」起算:多數指 invoice date,與內部應付流程要對齊。
  • 簽署前未請法務看 indemnity 與 limitation of liability:這兩條最影響出事時誰賠多少。
  • 口頭同意與書面條款不一致:email 寫 "We agree to your terms" 前務必對照每一條。

錯誤用語範例:

  • ❌ "We accept FOB, please deliver to our office." (FOB 不含送到辦公室)

  • ✅ "Please quote DDP to our warehouse in Taipei, or clarify all charges under FOB Kaohsiung."

  • ❌ "Payment upon delivery is fine." (需明確是 COD、Net 7 還是其他)

  • ✅ "We can agree to Net 15 from invoice date, provided the invoice is issued upon delivery."

情境模擬

以下是一封確認報價條款的商務 email 範例:

Subject: Clarification on Quotation #Q-2026-0412

Dear Mr. Henderson,

Thank you for sending the quotation dated March 15. Before we proceed, I would like to clarify a few terms:

  1. The unit price of USD 8.20 is based on MOQ of 2,000 units — could you confirm if a price break is available for 3,500 units?
  2. You quoted FOB Taichung. Please confirm whether export documentation and local trucking to the port are included in your price.
  3. Payment terms are listed as Net 45. Our standard policy is Net 30 — would you consider Net 30 with 2% discount for payment within 10 days?
  4. Lead time is 10 weeks. Our marketing launch is in early August — can you commit to delivery by July 15?

We are keen to move forward pending your confirmation. Please let us know if a revised quotation is needed.

Best regards, Lin Wei Procurement Manager

練習建議與檢查清單

閱讀練習

  • 找一份公司過往的英文報價或合約,用螢光筆標出所有縮寫(FOB、MOQ、Net 30 等)並查 Incoterms 官方定義。
  • 對照中英文採購單,確認「交貨點」與「風險轉移點」是否一致。

審閱檢查清單

  • 價格是否含稅、含運、含保險?
  • MOQ、交期、報價有效期限是否可接受?
  • 付款條件與公司現金流政策是否一致?
  • 瑕疵通知期限、保固、退貨條件是否明確?
  • 保密、IP、責任限制、不可抗力、終止與適用法律是否已請法務審閱?
  • 口頭或 email 承諾是否已反映在正式合約文字中?

實用資源

  • 國際商會 Incoterms 2020 官方說明
  • 公司內部採購/銷售標準條款範本 簽約前最後確認(Pre-signature checklist in English)

Please confirm that this version supersedes all prior quotations and email exchanges.

確保最終版本取代所有先前口頭或書面報價。

We require countersignature within five business days for the pricing to remain valid.

報價與合約時效的最後一道防線。

When in doubt, ask in writing. Verbal assurances without contract language create risk for both parties. Document everything that affects price, delivery, payment, and liability.

以下列出報價與合約 email 中常見的補充術語,以及向對方要求澄清時可用的完整句型。

報價狀態與修訂

This quotation is subject to change without notice.

報價可能隨時調整,簽約前需再次確認最終價格。

Please find our revised quotation attached reflecting the updated MOQ.

修訂版報價,email 中應說明與前一版差異。

Quote reference number: QT-2026-0891

報價編號,往來 email 務必引用以便追蹤。

All figures are quoted in USD, FOB Kaohsiung, unless otherwise specified.

一次說清幣別與貿易條件,減少歧義。

合約執行與變更

Any amendment to this agreement must be in writing and signed by both parties.

口頭變更通常無效,重要修改需書面簽署。

The parties agree to negotiate in good faith to resolve disputes before initiating arbitration.

善意協商條款,爭議發生時的第一步。

Survival clause: confidentiality obligations survive termination for three years.

部分條款在合約終止後仍有效,保密期常見此設計。

Assignment: neither party may assign this agreement without the other's consent.

不得擅自轉讓合約權利義務,併購或外包時特別重要。

向對方澄清條款的 email 句型

Could you please confirm whether packaging and labeling costs are included in the unit price?

確認單價範圍,避免隱藏費用。

We would like to propose Net 30 instead of Net 45 — please advise if this is acceptable.

禮貌提出修改付款條件。

Please clarify the warranty period and whether on-site support is covered.

保固與服務範圍務必書面確認。

Before we sign, we need legal review of the indemnity and limitation of liability sections.

專業且常見的要求,不應覺得不好意思提出。

Kindly confirm that the lead time starts upon receipt of PO and cleared payment, not upon quotation date.

交期起算點是常見爭議點,提前問清楚。

縮寫速查(Quick reference)

  • PO: Purchase Order(採購單)
  • SO: Sales Order(銷售單)
  • SOW: Statement of Work(工作說明書)
  • NDA: Non-Disclosure Agreement(保密協議)
  • MSA: Master Service Agreement(主服務協議)
  • SLA: Service Level Agreement(服務水準協議)
  • T&C: Terms and Conditions(條款與條件)
  • E&O: Errors and Omissions(專業過失責任保險,常見於服務合約)

總結

報價與合約英文術語不是背單字遊戲,而是風險管理的基本功。FOB、Net 30、Force Majeure、Indemnification 每一個詞都牽涉「誰付錢、誰負責、出事怎麼辦」。養成收到文件先標術語、不懂就問、重要條款書面確認的習慣,能在國際商務中避免 costly misunderstanding。當你能用英文精準地問出 "Could you clarify whether insurance is included under CIF?" 時,對方也會更認真對待你的專業度。